Course Details

Objective

The course will aid the operators to have good measures to prevent blackouts, how to stop spreading of the outage, can deal with network operation after black out and how to restore the system. Generic restoration strategy based on the expertise of experts will be conducted. The new methods to handle the subject will be introduced.

On successful completion of this course, participants will have:

• A better understanding for the power system operation states
• Black out causes and Restoration Principles
• A better understanding for the power system characteristics
• A better understanding for System Operations Challenges
• Understanding the Power System Restoration Issues
• Analytical Tools used for Power System Restoration
• Protective System Issues During Restoration
• Reactive Power Consideration
• Special Considerations in Power System Restoration
• New Approaches in Power System Restoration

Content

1. Black out and Restoration Principles
   1. Statement of the problem   
   2. Power System States Objectives
   3. Black out causes
   4. Power System Characteristics

1. Structural Characteristics
2. Dynamic Characteristics
   • Characteristics Related to Reactive Power Balance
   • Characteristics Related to Active Power Balance
   • Characteristics Related to Protection and Control System
3. Factors Affecting the Control of Frequency
4. Factors Affecting the Control Voltage
   5. Restoration Process

1. Restoration Stages (Three stages)
   • Stage One (Preparation)
   • Stage Two (System Restoration)
   • Stage Three (Load Restoration)
2. Restoration Constraints
   • Physical Constraints             
   • Scheduling Constraints
   • Policy Constraints
3. Restoration Strategies (Three stages)
   6. Restoration Planning

1. Preparation
2. Modeling
3. Plan Development
   • Planning for First Stage
   • Planning for Second Stage
   • Planning for Third Stage
4. Iteration
5. Completion

2. System Operations Challenges
   1. Introduction
   2. The problem of upgrading energy management systems
   3. Problems associated with predicting computer resource requirements
   4. Effective Alarming

1. Introduction
2. Alarm Conditions
3. Alarm Strategies
   5. Problems In The-Design, Development, And Delivery Of Quality System Operator Training Programs

3. Power System Restoration Issues
   1. Reactive Power Balance
   2. Switching transient voltages
   3. Interconnection assistance as Load and generation balance

1. Frequency response of prime movers
2. Cold load pickup
   • • Load and generation coordination
     • Remote cranking power
   • Optimum sequencing of generating units startup

1. Fault location
2. Assessment of switching status
3. Standing phase angles
   5. Low frequency isolation scheme

1. Intentional islanding
2. Local load shedding
3. Under-frequency and switched capacitor relays.

4. Analytical Tools for Power System Restoration
   1. Introduction

1. Pre-disturbance Power System Conditions
2. Post-disturbance Power System Status
3. Types and Application of Analytical Tools
   2. Island Detection Method

1. Paths Determination
2. Island Detection
   3. Power Flow Application during Restoration           
   4. Load Shedding and Generation Tripping Application

1. Introduction
2. Hazards of Under-Frequency Operation
3. Factors Affecting Frequency Decay
4. Over-frequency Generation Tripping
5. Frequency Load Shedding and Generation Tripping  
   5. Power Flow (PF) Program
   6. Transient Stability (Ts) Program
   7. Long-Term Dynamic (LD) Program

1. Subsystem Sustaining Capability
2. Response Reserve
3. Restoration Load Frequency Control
   8. Transient Voltage (TV) Program
   9. Short-circuit (sc) program
   10. Standing phase angle (SPA) reduction program
   11. Cold load pickup (CL) program
   12. Restoration coordination program
   13. Restoration coordination program (CPM)

5. Protective System Issues During Restoration

0. 1. Minimum Source Operation and Distance Relays
1. Distance Relays
2. Fault Detectors
3. Protective System Selectivity
4. Minimum Source Guidelines
   2. Lightly Loaded Lines and Negative Sequence Relays

1. Negative Sequence Currents
2. Negative Sequence Current Concerns
3. Unsymmetrical Line Parameters
4. Case Study
5. Negative Sequence Current Operating Guide
   3. Transformer Inrush Currents and Differential Relays
   4. Other Relay Issues in Restoration

1. Out-of-Step Relays and Controlled Islanding
2. Excessive Standing Phase Angle and Synchro-check relays
3. Plant Load Rejection and Low Frequency Isolation Scheme
4. Excessive Core Flux and Volts Per Hertz Relays
5. Under-Excitation and Loss-of-Field Relays
6. Black Start and Generator Excitation Systems
7. Load Shedding and Under-Frequency Relays

6. Reactive Power Consideration

0. 1. Reactive Power Balance
1. Reactive Power Load and Generation
2. Top-down and Bottom-up Restorations
3. Top-down Strategy
4. Bottom-up Strategy
5. Overhead Transmission Line Parameters
6. Underground Transmission Systems
   2. Generator Reactive Capability

1. Generator One-line Diagram
2. Design and Actual Generator Reactive Capability Curves
3. Case Study Under Peak-load Condition
4. Test and Verification Procedure
5. Operating Limit Identifications
6. Case study Under Light-load Condition
   3. Optimizing Reactive Power Resources

1. Generating Unit Characteristics
   • • Generator Ratings
     • System Bus Voltage Range
     • Generator Step-up Transformer Ratings
     • Auxiliary Transformer Ratings
     • Auxiliary Load
2. Tap Selection Procedure
   • • The GSU Transformer Tap Settings
     • The AUX Transformer Tap Settings

7. Special Considerations in Power System Restoration
   1. Introduction
   2. Excessive alarms during restoration
   3. Return to Other Power System States
   4. Switching During Restoration

1. Switching Strategies
2. Operability of Field Equipment
3. Cold Weather Effects
   5. Optimal Sequencing of Starting-Up Generating Units

1. Procedure for Determining the Start-Up Sequence
2. Data Base Requirements
3. Start-up Definitions
   • • Load Reject
     • Black Start Capability:
     • Ramp Rate
     • Hot Restart:
     • Cold Restart:
     • Restart Durations for Unit Types
     • Physical System Concerns
4. Power System Concerns
5. Telecommunication Capabilities and Limitations
   6. Cold Load Pickup – Modeling

1. Thermostatically controlled loads
2. Manually restarted loads.
3. Fixed loads
4. Modeling Approaches
   7. Cold load pick-up-low voltage network loads
   8. The role of Gas turbines restoration plan
   9. Current operation
   10. Restoration plan
   11. Reactive power balance

8. New Approaches in Power System Restoration
   1. Introduction
   2. System-wide coordination and overall organization
   3. Full automated restoration

1. Computer aided restoration
2. Cooperative restoration
   • • Database building
     • Target selection
     • Planning of steps to reach the target
     • Implementation
   • Expert Systems for Power System Restoration

1. General
2. Knowledge Representation
3. Inference Engine
   • • Forward Chaining
     • Backward Chaining
4. Survey of Expert System for Power System Restoration
   • • Functional Objectives of the System
     • Power System Representation and Modeling

NOTE:

Pre & Post Tests will be conducted

Case Studies, Group Exercises, Group Discussions, Last Day Review & Assessments will

be carried out.

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Methodology

A highly interactive combination of lectures and discussion sessions will be managed to maximize the amount and quality of information and knowledge transfer. The sessions will start by raising the most relevant questions and motivating everybody to find the right answers. You will also be encouraged to raise your questions and to share in the development of the right answers using your analysis and experiences.  Tests of the multiple-choice type will be made available daily to examine the effectiveness of delivering the course.

Very useful Course Materials will be given.

• 30% Lectures
• 30% Workshops and work presentation
• 20% Group Work& Practical Exercises
• 20% Videos& General Discussions